Research-intensive universities in the UK and Australia have said "pragmatic, risk-based" measures are needed to protect international collaboration.

A parliamentary committee has warned universities that Chinese students in Australia are suffering from the "authoritarian reach of the Chinese government”.

UK universities must promote clear codes of conduct to guard against foreign interference, according to new guidance published by Universities UK. 

The UK government will tackle foreign interference at British universities by working with Universities UK and by promoting diversification of international students, responding to a prior inquiry which cited a failure to protect academic freedom.